Monday, December 30, 2019

Concord Bookshop - 678 Words

Concord Bookshop Introduction As the world is changing with Technology, many companies are finding themselves struggling to stay afloat in competitive market. Whenever new business strategy is introduced in a company, a change has to take place. The way changes are introduced and implemented, determines the success of the change. Before change is introduced, there must be need for change and after implementation of change; there is expectation (Vaughn, 2012). Change is not an easy process; it requires team work in planning, organizing and implementation. Organizational change is successful when it is effective and yield growth, but a failure when is unproductive. This paper will†¦show more content†¦This brought about the clash between the owners and the employees. (Robbins Judge, 2009) The owners hired a new general manager without informing the three other managers that have invested 34years of services in the company. The owners where insensitive to the complains of the employees by stating†If you don’t like it, each of you will have to make up your mind as to how to proceed.† These statements lead to the employees resisting change and resigning. (Robbins Judge, 2009) Organizational Change Failure at the Concord Bookshop The organizational change process of unfreezing and moving phase was not applied during the Concord bookshop change process. During the unfreezing phase, the employees were not involved in the planning and decision making of the change. Instead change was imposed on them, which brought resistances. Opportunity was not given to the employee to understand the need for change. (Robbins Judge, 2009) The moving phase also failed because, change was imposed. Employees were not involved in the designing of the change. They were not supported or giving the training in other transition into the new role, but they were told to put up with it. (Robbins Judge, 2009) Conclusion Change requires a team effort to be successful; each member of the company has an important role to play and has to be recognized.Show MoreRelatedConcord Bookshop Paper716 Words   |  3 PagesConcord Bookshop Paper Karen Jackson HCS/587 November 8, 2010 Laura Rainey Concord Bookshop Paper Organizational change can derive from small changes to large changes that can affect a business. The Concord Bookshop went through changes as many other companies are faced in today’s recession, fierce competition, innovative technology, and restructuring needs. The important factors a company needs to concentrate include implementing successful interventions to stay in business, increaseRead MoreConcord Bookshop Paper816 Words   |  4 PagesConcord Bookshop Paper Concord Bookshop Paper Organizational change has many concepts from wide changes to small changes that can affect a company. Introducing a new person into the company, changing mission statement, restructuring, and even adding stock options are examples of organizational changes. According to Spector it is important to understand, analyze the dynamic of change, and requirements of effective change implementation. Successful changes requires management to explore many driversRead MoreThe Phases of Organizational Change Essay807 Words   |  4 Pagescan be taken. In chapter one Spector gives the reader insight into the Concord Bookshop, a bookstore that is in the process of implementing new changes. Spector (2010), states that â€Å"for the Concord Bookshop, the increasing penetration of online booksellers into the store’s market space triggered the requirement for strategic renewal† (p.18). Kurt Lewin developed a change model to assist organizations such as the Concord Bookshop with changes . There are three steps in Lewin’s model and they are: UnfreezingRead MoreEssay on Concord Bookstore637 Words   |  3 PagesConcord Bookstore University of Phoenix Creating Change within Organizations HCS587 David Harrell 16 January, 2012 * The Concord Bookshop is a small town bookstore with a 64-year history and a cultural appeal enjoyed by the citizens of the town. In recent years the economic environment created fierce competition for the bookstore, coupled with a need for innovative technology meant a need for restructuring. The financial status of the bookshop was in grave distress. FearingRead MoreTales of Woe at the Concorde Bookshop: Change Management Case Study877 Words   |  3 PagesTales of Woe at the Concorde Bookshop Change is inevitable in the commercial environment; but it also poses challenges. Theorists such as Senge (2005) (quoted Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010) note that it is natural for employees to resist change with many life experiences, starting from school, conditioning that resistance to change. Therefore, when an employer seeks to implements a change in the workplace they will have to face a number of challenges; not only the practical challenges of implementRead MoreEssay about Happy Endings True Love8166 Words   |  33 Pages So we try to change the world; that is, live as if the relations between things and potentialities were governed not by deterministic processes but by magic.... We make up adventures, invent and ascribe the significance of temporal concords to those `privileged moments to which we alone award prestige, make our own human clocks tick in a clockless world. (ibid, 135) Sunrise is an illustration of the way in which this applies to the way we conceptualise love, a matter for

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Impact Of War On Society And The Economy - 899 Words

The Impact of War As soon as there were men, there was war. The history of warfare can be traced all the way back to one of the earliest known civilizations, Mesopotamia. Since the development of organized city-states, warfare has been used to settle disputes, including disagreements over land, resources, and religious beliefs. The United States has a long history of warfare in its 224-year history, starting with its fight for independence. Each war fought has had a profound impact on the course of American history, however there are four particular wars which, when examined can be extremely beneficial when discussing foreign policy and the impact of war on society and the economy. By Analyzing the specific events surrounding the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam War and their impact on the economy, it will help future generations and leaders make better decisions regarding foreign policy and diplomacy, as well as how best to approach warfare altogether. Learning from t he mistakes of others can often help lead to much more sound decisions. For example, in terms of warfare, it is important to look back and examine instances in which America has gone to war and carefully observe specific events that led to America’s entry into said war. In addition, it is crucial to identify the broader economic and ideological causes of these wars as well as how each war has affected the United States economy - both during and after the wars. By doing so itShow MoreRelatedImpact Of War On Society And The Economy1933 Words   |  8 PagesAs soon as there was man, there was war. The history of warfare can be traced all the way back to one of the earliest known civilizations, Mesopotamia. Since the development of organized city states warfare has been used to settle disputes including disagreements over land, resources, and religious beliefs. The United States has a long history of warfare in its 224-year history starting with its fight for independance. Each war fought has had a profound impact on the course of American history, howeverRead MoreUsing the four passages and your own knowledge, assess the view that the impact of the First World War was the main reason for the booming economy in the USA in the 1920’s1661 Words   |  7 Pagespassages and your own knowledge, assess the view that the impact of the First World War was the main reason for the booming economy in the USA in the 1920’s (40 Marks) I believe that the First World War did not have as much of a significant impact on the American economy as mass production, infact i however see that instead of benefiting the economy the War in fact had the reverse effect to that of which interpretation A and C suggest that the war was the most important factor of the 1920’s AmericanRead MoreCanadas Homefront During WWI795 Words   |  4 PagesGreat War from 1914-1918 in Europe had a traumatic toll on Canadians. The soldiers in the fields were forever changed by the war but they weren’t the only ones who were changed. World War 1 had a significant impact on Canada’s homefront. The impact of the Great War on Canadian civilians can be easily seen through the increased rate and level of discrimination, growth of Canadian economy and the independence of women. The discrimination suffered by the â€Å"ethnic Canadians† increased during the war wasRead MoreThe Airplane Has Changed The Course Of The Western World Forever888 Words   |  4 Pagesdoesn’t have the time to fall.† The ingenuity of the Wright brothers’ airplane design has changed the course of the Western world forever. The invention of the aircraft positively affected American society by providing a quicker way of traveling, having an influence on warfare, and implementing a better economy in the United States. When the aeroplane was assembled, the possibility for travel and exploration became boundless. Before airplanes, the eighteenth and nineteenth century produced the steamboatRead MoreEssay on The Impact of World War One on America1024 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of World War One on America The Impact WW1 had on a number of countries was great, but what did it have on America, did they gain anything? Did they lose anything? That I what I will find out by looking at the American economy, the American armed forces and Americas society in general, these three topics will help me to find the answer to my question. After the war, countries looked to America for moneyRead MoreThe Impact of Aviation1073 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of Aviation on American Culture 1 The Impact of Aviation on American Culture History of Aviation in America 04D4 Professor J. Hines September 21, 2009 The Impact of Aviation on American Culture 2 From the Wright Brothers historical takeoff on Kitty Hawk beach in 1903 to the Modern day F-22 Raptor aviation has inï ¬â€šuenced and helped shape the American Culture. Modern day military is centered around, and greatly relies upon the strengths and mobility that aviation ensures. The economyRead More1. Introduction Japan has very significant characteristics in terms of their economic power1700 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic power either in the Asia- Pacific region or around the world. After World War II the Japanese economy was deeply affected by shortages, inflation, and currency devaluation means that Japanese economy was bankrupt position. Therefore, Japan passed under the control of US in the post- Second World War period. From this point, economic transformation or recovery or development has started in Japan with the impacts of US and Japanese governments. Besides this economic aid, US also guided JapanRead MoreSyrian Civil War Is The Worst Humanitarian Crisis Of Our Time1379 Words   |  6 PagesSyria’s Civil War is by far the worst humanitarian crisis of our time (Quick Facts: What You Need to Know about the Syria Crisis). What started as anti-government protests escalated into a full-scale civil war. Half the country’s population — more than 11 million people â⠂¬â€ have been killed or forced to flee their homes as a result of the Syrian Civil War(Asare, Patrick, Gritten, Offer, Rodgers). As forces loyal to Dictator Bashar al-Assad, those opposed to his rule, and jihadist militants fromRead MoreEssay on How Do War and Conflict Affect the Population of a Country?933 Words   |  4 PagesDifferent types of conflict exist, however one kind of conflict impacts the world the most; war. A population of a country can be controlled by war. During the war, there’s a high death rate and low birth rate which decreases the population drastically, however post war there will be low death rate and high birth rate which increases the population. The trigger of a war plays a key role such as the treatment of race changes and can cause friction between two different races or within the same raceRead MoreHistorical Events And Their Impact On The World952 Words   |  4 PagesMajor Historical Events and Their Impact on the World We Live In Today The world we live in today has been shaped by certain events in the past. The Industrial Revolution during the 18th to 19th century, the Industrialization of the 20th century, World War I and World War II, all left traces and have greatly impacted the way we live in today particularly out living standard. The goal of the paper is to discuss the effects of these historical events on the way we live in terms of living standards

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Martin Luther King, Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X Discussion Free Essays

string(48) " battle over the years, much is still the same\." 2012: Segregation Still at Its Worst The way todays events and the lifestyle of living is approached, the people of our past would have been surprised to know how much we have accomplished, and even more surprised to know some things still remain the same. Since the beginning of mankind, people have fought for their rights in order to make life a much easier way to live with one another. Documents like the Bill of Rights, the Declaration of Independence, and even far back to the Ten Commandments, have been written to show some sort of peace structure to live by, with out harming one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King, Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X Discussion or any similar topic only for you Order Now In America, freedom, justice, and equality for all has been a major issue that is yet to be fully fulfilled. Although, America is all about supporting the three lifestyles, the people are the ones who make the situation almost impossible to reach. If the strong leaders from our past were alive today helping us reach the right decision to these matters, the solutions would come even sooner to society based on their helpful ideas, or maybe even the people of today would still be capable of assassinating them for their wise words and leadership. Leaders like Marcus Garvey, Martin Luther King Jr. , and Malcolm X, already had strong voices of opinion then and would have even higher voices today. Taking that if with the advanced science there is today, we would be able to bring back in time the lives of Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X, and Marcus Garvey; for them to be able to be the same age they were while showing activism, and have an intellectual conversation with one another about the issues we are still facing, what would they have to say about them? Matters to discuss like the campaign election with our black President Obama, gangs in the United States, or an even more poplar subject; the battle for legalizing gay marriage throughout the states. Since Egyptian times there have been records of same sex couples, this is not a new subject to mankind but yet we treat it as if it is something our ancestors have never heard of and a new discovery. Gay marriage has been an on going debate in our society. The government trying to control who someone marries is limiting human rights. May 3rd, 2012. Walking along the beachy streets of Venice, California; Malcolm, Martin, and Marcus, run into each other while still in shock to be alive again where they are. Malcolm and Martin recognizing one another, Malcolm recognizing Marcus, and Marcus not being able to recognize neither since he came from an early time of theirs. After being together for a short amount of time in present day era, they have already learned about many events, issues, and problems there has stumbled through time. Taking a seat on a park bench, they begin to assemble some of their findings and ideas. Marcus: So men, one topic I’ve been hearing about both negatively and positive about has been the issue on either banning same-sex marriage or legalizing it. What do you all think should be done about that? Malcolm: Well beginning off with that, it brings back the dilemma we were fighting for back in our days for the right of our freedom because of the color of our skin. Even though the issue today is whether or not the same sex should be able to marry, but who is the government to tell someone who they could marry or who they cannot? Marcus: If it really is this big of an issue, all homosexuals who want to marry should just move to a state like Massachusetts, where same-sex marriage is legalized, and they could colonize there to be able to marry and be more comfortable in the communities they are in rather than fighting for it where their state will not allow it. Malcolm: Marcus, my father, may he rest in peace, had a big admiration for you and your ideas about how we should have handled racism your way about moving back to Africa to avoid the segregation here. And so do I. But in this country, we have learned to build up our nation and overcome issues like racism, not fully since it still exists in some ways, but its been handled to avoid discrimination. Now we believe in equality, and equality means that you have to put the same thing over here that you out over there (Malcolm 139). Our country is a nation of freedom, but yet that is taken away when the freedom of others choosing the one to marry, the ones they love, comes to place. Since the beginning of our nation we have been fighting for eligious, racial, and many other basic human rights. Denying gay marriage is fighting against a human’s basic right to love. Marcus Garvey in the beginning of this conversation, is trying to state that if it is really important to homosexuals, they should just leave their state and enter one where same-sex marriage is legal. Something he had also been saying to his people during his reign of leadership, enduring in people’s mind to simpl y go back to Africa where they are sure to receive equal treatment within their colored people. Readings had been done about the topic by Martin Luther King, who wanted to uncover deeper about the subject of gay marriage. He learned that conservative Theodore B. Olson, of the republican party, states in his article; â€Å" The Conservative Case for Gay Marriage†, that legalizing same-sex marriage would be a recognition of basic American principles, and it would represent the culmination of our nation’s commitment to equal rights. Theodore also states that it is the last major milestone to be over came in our fight towards civil rights. After accomplishing the black and white racism battle over the years, much is still the same. You read "Martin Luther King, Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X Discussion" in category "Essay examples" Martin Luther King: Well men, after hearing you two discuss yesterday a little of what should be done about the fact of gay marriage, I went off to uncover more about the issue. According to a man by the name of Gary Gates, he did a study of how many homosexuals there are in the United States alone, and it came out to over four million gays, that’s more than four million people we are denying equal rights too! This does not include people who claim to be bisexual as well. Marcus: Nothing has changed. These white folks have poisoned the rest of our country to harm not only the rights of a negro anymore, but the rights of regular human beings that would only want to be one and marry. They have lost their sympathies throughout, heterosexuals have settled down to see nothing but their own interest (Garvey 205). Martin Luther King: That is right. The tables have turned that even the white folks, deny their own people of color. Only because of the sexuality they have. Imagine being told the way you were born or see things or feel for them, is wrong? And it had to be untaught to you only because others do not approve for it? Or your religion does not? That is not the way this country should be heading. Malcolm: The internal consciousness of this country is bankrupt. They make it appear they have our good interests at heart, but when you study it, every time, no matter how many steps they take us forward, it’s like we’re standing on a–what do you call that thing? (Malcolm 143). Marcus: †¦ A treadmill! Malcolm: A treadmill! The treadmill is moving backwards faster than we’re able to go forward in this direction. We’re not even standing still–we’re going backwards. If this country really wants to find a solution to gay marriage, I suggest we take it as an aggressively strong approach to get our voices heard, heard aboard! To where others believe this country is all about equality, we will show them we still aren’t. Because thats the only way America finds conclusions to her problems. When America is afraid of outside pressure, or when she’s afraid of her image abroad (Malcolm 159). Martin Luther King: Wait here Malcolm, I love your enthusiasm when it comes to doing the right thing for our people, but the way we approach this issue should not be aggressively to the point where we involve outside allies to help us solve our problems. The government will hear it from us, and only us. Our most powerful nonviolent weapon is, as would be expected, also our most demanding, that is organization. To produce change, people must be organized to work together in units of power. Malcolm: So once again King you think we should still be resolving important issues of our society with the help of nonviolence? Now, I am not judging you on your practice of nonviolence, but I believe that I myself would go for nonviolence if it was consistent, if everybody was going to be nonviolent all the time. I’d say, okay to you King, let’s get with it, we’ll all be nonviolent with the homosexuals. But I don’t go along with any kind of nonviolence unless everybody’s going to be nonviolent. And once that happens, well then, life has really changed. But up until now 40 something years later, things still seem to be the same. So in order to get the human rights there still seems to be achieved, power and aggression should be shown (Malcolm 139). Martin Luther King: When Negros marched back in our days, so did the nation. If we could only get all the devoted homosexuals who want to marry to unite and march together, the results would be extraordinary. The power of the nonviolent march is indeed a mystery. It will be surprising to have a few hundreds, maybe even thousands, of gays marching to produce a strong reaction in their nation. When marches are carefully organized around well-defined issues, they represent the power which Victor Hugo phrased as the most powerful force in the world, â€Å"an ideas whose time has come. Marching feet announce that time has come for a given idea. When the die is a sound one, the cause is just one, and the demonstration a righteous one, change will be forthcoming. And marching once is not going to get us straight to the conclusion we want, it will take several marches to show how serious this really is to different types of peoples lives (Nonviolence 59). Marcus: I’m beginning to agr ee with what King here has to say†¦the technique of nonviolence shows to have worked before and it will be a continuous practice to be done in the future obviously. I still think gays should just move together to find their comfort zone where they are accepted, but that does take away from their pride and human rights they deserve. Now I too did more research on this, and sadly marrying the same sex denies you from even greater problems that are plain out unfair. Many people suggest that same sex couples just get domestic partnership or a civil union, but this does not allow them to benefit from health insurance. They cannot gain from their title of being a wife or husband. Employers don’t allow spouse or children of same sex to have health care coverage and will only extend it through marriage. Malcolm: That is a big problem. Come to think of it, when someone in your family is hospitalized, the only visitation under critical conditions, are allowed by intermediate family and spouses. So most of these same-sex domestic partnerships are not allowed to see one another if even on the verge of dying. Martin Luther King: They are making it feel that perhaps homosexuals are less than human. The white men at first refused to accept change. And now not only is it the white man who is refusing to accept change it is also the black, the yellow, the brown. The struggles these gays are going through will begin to help them to evaluate themselves, and with their determination to struggle and sacrifice, until the walls of segregation have been fully crushed by the battering rams of justice, should be met again (Nonviolence 7). Facts about how Gay marriage is illegal is unconstitutional, this law takes away basic rights to gays that are important, it really all comes down to love. Looking around at so many gay couples around America, they were so devoted to one another, as a heterosexual couple is as well. After discussing this issue with many people who are against same-sex marriage, one was a changed person in regards to it. Marriage is not just a government form to people; it is a way of expressing their life long commitment to one another. Same sex marriage should be legalized because it supports what our nation believes in and will only unite our nation more. If Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X, and Marcus Garvey were still alive today, this issue would be one they too would be battling for because banning same sex marriage goes against our nations fight towards equality. Basic human rights are taken away from gay couples, the last thing these leaders wanted to leave the Earth by was to know that human rights are still taken away from their own people. Something that they fought so hard to get out of. They would want everyone to see same sex marriage as nothing new or different from heterosexual marriage, just as they taught America and the world to see black and white people no different or greater than one another. Gays are humans too and should have the right to commit to the ones they love. How to cite Martin Luther King, Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X Discussion, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Anthropologie Culturelle Essay Example For Students

Anthropologie Culturelle Essay Les Amish : une communaut? hors du tempsI) LES ORIGINES DES AMISHOn trouve les racines des Amish dans la communaut? des Mennonites. Les deux appartiennent au mouvement des Anabaptistes qui remonte ? l?poque de la R?forme. Les Anabaptistes croyaient que seuls les adultes devaient ?tre baptis?s car ils avaient conscience de leur acte et quils devaient rester en marge de la soci?t?. Beaucoup dAnabaptistes furent extermin?s, consid?r?s comme h?r?tiques par les Catholiques comme les Protestants et beaucoup all?rent se r?fugier dans les montagnes suisses et au sud de lAllemagne. Cest dans ce contexte quappara?t le mouvement Amish : les pers?cutions continu?rent jusquau XVIII? si?cle et entre 1693 et 1697 une partie de l?glise Mennonite suisse (les Fr?res Suisses) se s?para du reste de la Communaut? pour former le mouvement Amish. Cette communaut? souhaitait pr?server la discipline biblique au sein de la communaut?. A partir de 1663, une partie ?migra aux Etats-Unis pour ?chapper au militar isme europ?en et pr?server la foi des anc?tres!dans un pays neuf aux perspectives ?conomiques attrayantes : ils s?tablirent au nord des Etats-Unis, en Pennsylvanie, et se lanc?rent dans lagriculture avec succ?s. 1. Quelle est la valeur symbolique du schisme Amish ?En 1693 un ?v?que suisse du nom de Jacob Amman se s?pare des Fr?res Suisses Mennonites : ses successeurs ont ?t? baptis?s les Amish. Bien que les deux communaut?s se soient s?par?es, elles partagent de nombreux points communs : elles ont les m?mes croyances en ce qui concerne le bapt?me, la non violence et les doctrines bibliques fondamentales. Cependant elles diff?rent en mati?re de v?tements, de technologie, de langue, de fa?on de travailler et dinterpr?tation de la Bible. Dapr?s lhistorien Eli Gingerich, dans ses ?crits de 1978, il y a sept domaines au centre de la controverse entre les Mennonites Suisses et les Amish qui ont pouss? au schisme entre 1693 et 1697 : ? la communion deux fois par an? lhabitude de laver les pieds dautrui comme rite religieux? le fait disoler et d?viter un membre de la communaut? excommuni? ou puni? sen tenir ? une discipline communautaire tr?s stricte? die Treuherzigen : le probl?me de savoir si oui ou non les ? justes ? ?taient prot?g?s ? les codes vestimentaires? les codes concernant la coiffureGingerich explique plus loin que ? ni lun ni lautre des deux parties ne voulait c?der. Chacune ?tait d?termin?e. Aucune ne voulait admettre la possibilit? de se tromper ou d?chouer. Il sest av?r? quil ?tait impossible de communiquer pour mieux comprendre lautre partie. Les deux Eglises ne se sont jamais retrouv?es. ?En fait ces sept domaines ou points de dispute ne suffisent pas dapr?s dautres auteurs ? expliquer le schisme : il y avait d?j? au sein de lEglise Mennonite Suisse une litt?rature ? proto-Amish ? identifi?e comme telle par Nikolaus W?thrich en 1807 et par Christian Plank qui faisait partie du cercle dintimes de Jacob Ammann mais avait quitt? le groupe Amish. En fait ces auteurs d?montrent quil faut remonter ? Simon Menno, le fondateur du mouvement Mennonite pour expliquer la controverse sur deux points fondamentaux pr?c?demment cit?s : lisolement dun excommuni? ou dun puni et les Treuherzigen. ? Lisolement physique : dapr?s W?thrich , il est impossible de consid?rer lisolement physique que pratiquent les Amish et que contestaient les Mennonites comme ?tant fond? du point de vue biblique par lap?tre Paul. Tout remonte donc ? Menno lui-m?me. Gingerich explique ainsi que cet isolement physique date en fait de 1555 : Leenaert Bouwens a ?tabli cet isolement pour punir les personnes nocives au reste de la communaut?. Cet isolement se fait entre toutes les cat?gories de personnes : les enfants sont s?par?s de leurs parents, les ?pouses de leur mari Cependant cette mesure fut contest?e par une femme qui refusait d?tre s?par?e de son mari : en cons?quence, Menno lui-m?me lutta contre cette s?v?rit?. En 1693 lorsque Jakob Ammann essaya de r?introduire lisolement physique dans la communaut? suisse Mennonite, il re?ut lappui des plus traditionalistes et conservateurs qui favoris?rent le schisme. ? Les Treuherzigen : cest le deuxi?me point important de la controverse Mennonites/Amish. Litt?ralement les Treuherzigen sont ceux dont le coeur est fiable, fid?le ou loyal. Ils sont parfois appel?s les Anabaptistes partiels. En fait ce sont ceux qui restent avec lEglise de leur Etat mais qui sympathisent avec les Anabaptistes et gardent dans leur coeur beaucoup des doctrines et principes de foi des Anabaptistes. Ils ont beaucoup aid? ? cacher les Anabaptistes pendant les grandes pers?cutions. Jakob Ammann rejeta lid?e que les Treuherzigen puissent faire partie de ? lEglise vraie ?, celle d?sign?e par Dieu pour ?tre sa repr?sentante sur Terre, contrairement aux Mennonites qui les acceptaient Plus tard, les Amish reconnurent ne pas avoir le droit de juger au nom de Dieu : seul Dieu pouvait avoir cette fonction. ? Le lavage des pieds dautrui : interdit par la confession Mennonite, il ?tait consid?r? comme ?tant un geste sacr?. En effet dans la Bible, cest J?sus qui lave les pieds des a p?tres. 2. Comment appr?cier ce schisme dans son contexte ?En fait on se rend tr?s vite compte en examinant les raisons du schisme que tout repose sur un flou concernant lorigine des id?es : plusieurs personnages et Eglises ont influenc? le d?veloppement des Amish et leur schisme des Mennonites. Parmi ces sources on peut citer : ? Menno Simon, le fondateur du mouvement Mennonite : le probl?me est de savoir comment interpr?ter son livre Foundation Book et comment expliquer la longueur du d?lai d?dition de ce livre : a-t-il ?t? modifi? entre temps ? Il est prouv? que Jakob Ammann sest inspir? du Foundation Book et a repris les traits de caract?re du personnage : une individualit? tr?s marqu?e, beaucoup dautoritarisme, ce que les Mennonites Suisses lui ont reproch? sur le plan relationnel mais aussi intellectuel. En effet Menno avait d?j? ?t? critiqu? sur ce point et les Mennonites avaient corrig? son message en renfor?ant le caract?re communautaire de lEglise Mennonite : Jakob Ammann a au cont raire repris les id?es dune autorit? unilat?rale, hi?rarchique. Cependant les faits ont montr? que les Amish ont ?volu? vers la conception communautaire de nouveau. ? les diff?rences de pratique selon les r?gions : au sein m?me de lEglise Mennonite des disparit?s apparaissaient bien avant 1663. En Hollande, en Alsace et au Sud de lAllemagne, la pratique du lavage des pieds avait d?j? ?t? r?introduite au d?but du XVII? si?cle3) Apr?s le schismeLa majorit? de la communaut? a ?migr? vers les Etats Unis en Pennsylvanie et a conserv? la tradition de marginalisation. Ainsi en 1775, ils ont adress? ce texte au Parlement local :? Cest notre principe de nourrir les affam?s et de rafra?chir les assoiff?s ; nous nous sommes d?vou?s ? servir les autres dans toute situation o? notre aide pourrait servir ? pr?server des vies humaines, mais nous ne trouvons aucune libert? ? donner, ou ? aider des gens qui se d?truisent et se blessent entre eux. ?Aujourdhui ils vivent dans des communaut?s de 22 ?tats des Etats-Unis ainsi quau Canada en Ontario. Le groupe le plus ancien et aussi le plus conservateur est une communaut? de 16 ? 18 000 gens vivant en Pennsylvanie d ans le comt? de Lancaster. II) LES VALEURS AMISH ET LEURS CONSEQUENCES SUR LEUR MODE DE VIE. Les Amish les plus conservateurs sont connus sous le nom de ? Old Order Amish ?. La tradition et le refus du progr?s d?finit leur mode de vie, qui est unique en son genre dans un pays occidental ? laube du XXI? si?cle. Voici les 6 caract?ristiques qui semblent dominantes chez les ? Old Order Amish ?, caract?ristiques que nous d?taillerons ult?rieurement :1. Le S?paratismeIls vivent d?tach?s du monde et ce non conformisme a pour fondement la Bible et plus exactement lEp?tre aux Romains 12:1-2 (? ()Et ne vous modelez pas sur le monde pr?sent, mais que le renouvellement de votre jugement vous transforme et vous fasse discerner quelle est la volont? de Dieu, ce qui est bon, ce qui lui pla?t, ce qui est parfait. ?) et aussi le Deuxi?me Ep?tre aux Corinthiens 6:14 (? Ne formez pas dattelage disparate avec des infid?les.() ?). Pour marquer encore plus leur d?tachement par rapport au monde ils refusent souvent de remplir leurs devoirs civiques tel que voter ou faire leur service militaire. Murders in the Rue Morgue EssayIII) LEXTERIEUR : UNE CONTRAINTE POUR LES AMISH1. Les Amish tentent dutiliser lext?rieur selon leurs choix. a) Un besoin de lext?rieur de plus en plus apparentMalgr? leurs r?ticences vis-?-vis de lext?rieur, les Amish utilisent depuis une dizaine dann?es des technologies quils refusaient jusqualors. Par exemple, ils acceptent que la m?decine am?ricaine leur vienne en aide dans les cas les plus graves. Ainsi, en 1990, le docteur Morton fut le premier m?decin am?ricain autoris? ? ausculter un enfant amish souffrant de la MSUD, une maladie facilement transmissible qui avait d?j? paralys? plusieurs membres de la m?me communaut?. Le docteur Morton fit installer des postes t?l?phoniques dans les familles touch?es par cette maladie afin d?tre ? tout moment en contact avec elles. Il parvint m?me ? construire une clinique pour les enfants amish respectant autant que possible leur mode de vie habituel. De fa?on similaire, certaines communaut?s ont accept? lutilisation de tracteurs et dengrais afin de pouvoir maintenir leur activit? agricole. En fait leur refus imp?ratif de lapport que peut constituer lext?rieur sest transform? en une acceptation partielle, qui prend comme crit?re lutilit? communautaire de telle ou telle technique. De ce fait, il est compr?hensible que des tracteurs soient accept?s alors que les automobiles, symbole m?me de lind?pendance de la famille par rapport au reste de groupe soient encore refus?es. Il faut cependant prendre en consid?ration le fait que les diff?rentes communaut?s amish nont pas un avis commun par rapport ? cette adaptation sensible au monde ext?rieur. b) Sur le probl?me de lext?rieur, les Amish sont divis?s. Dune part, les Amish du ? Old Order ? restent totalement oppos?s ? quelque apport de lext?rieur, m?me sil pouvait sav?rer des plus utiles. Ils ne veulent en aucun cas appara?tre comme des assist?s vis-?-vis du monde ext?rieur et cherchent au contraire ? renforcer leur identit? via des r?gles encore plus strictes. Dautre part, les partisans du ? New Order ? pensent que la survie de la communaut? Amish d?pend de sa capacit? ? ?voluer et ? sadapter au monde ext?rieur de fa?on autonome, cest ? dire en choisissant dint?grer telle ou telle technique de fa?on r?fl?chie. Cette fracture se traduit au niveau des migrations des familles amish: celles qui optent pour des r?gles plus strictes et un refus plus franc envers lext?rieur partent vers les communaut?s du Wisconsin alors que celles qui choisissent de sinspirer de fa?on s?lective de lext?rieur se rapprochent des villes. 2.Cependant, ces relations sont parfois ?trang?res au choix des Amish. a) La juridiction am?ricaine. Il para?t tout ? fait naturel de consid?rer que les Amish doivent se plier comme tout citoyen am?ricain ? la juridiction am?ricaine, m?me sils jugent quelle va contre ses int?r?ts priv?s. Cependant, ? deux reprises, les Amish sont parvenus ? obtenir des d?rogations par rapport ? la loi am?ricaine. En 1972, lEtat du Wisconsin a perdu un proc?s contre les Amish devant la Cour Supr?me am?ricaine concernant l?ge minimal de fin de scolarit?. En effet, les Amish ont convaincu la Cour Supr?me quil ?tait inutile quun enfant amish continue sa scolarit? apr?s la 8?me classe (niveau 4?me en France). En fait, un adolescent amish qui continuerait sa scolarit? jusqu? l?ge pr?vu par lEtat du Wisconsin devrait sortir de sa communaut? et il lui serait impossible pour des raisons de r?adaptation dy retourner. Le droit de culte fut invoqu? par la Cour. De m?me, les Amish sont exempt?s du programme medicare de s?curit? sociale. Leurs arguments ?taient les suivants : dune part, il est certain que leur capacit? ? saider mutuellement est en mesure de suppl?er ? un programme social dEtat ; dautre part, les Amish consid?rent quils ne doivent en aucun cas ?tre en position dassist?s vis-?-vis de leur ? code dhonneur ? religieux. Les r?gles concernant lhygi?ne des produits laitiers vendus ont ainsi conduit les Amish travaillant dans ce secteur ? st?riliser leur lait, op?ration n?cessitant plus d?lectricit? que la communaut? peut en produire par elle-m?me. Certaines communaut?s ont alors du accepter leur connexion aux lignes ?lectriques ext?rieures, ce qui constitue un d?faut ? leurs r?gles propres. On peut aussi noter que si les Amish ont longtemps refus? la pr?sence de la police dEtat dans leurs domaines, celle-ci ne manque pas depuis quelques ann?es de leur dresser quelques proc?s verbaux relatifs au manque de signalisation sur leurs ? v?hicules ? b) Le tourisme. Depuis lessor des voyages organis?s, les Amish ont profit? des touristes pour d?velopper leur production de produits locaux et ont ainsi multipli? le nombre de leurs manufactures artisanales. Cependant, ils nont pas su freiner ? temps ce mouvement. Des compagnies am?ricaines se sont alors sp?cialis?es dans la visite des camps Amish, o? les habitants sont consid?r?s comme des objets avec lesquels il est naturel de se faire photographier, sans risquer de repr?sailles de leur part puisquils sinterdisent toute relation conflictuelle. De plus, depuis 1996, deux compagnies de voyages ont invent? un nouveau concept touristique: il est propos? de se transformer en Amish pour deux semaines, de vivre avec eux en imitant leur mode de vie tout en esp?rant un retour ? la nature se devant d?tre des plus b?n?fiques. On peut remarquer que si les Amish avaient une aversion vis-?-vis des nouvelles technologies, il existe pourtant ? pr?sent quelques dizaines de sites sur Internet relatifs ? leurs activit?s, et leur permettant de transformer leur commerce artisanal en multinationale : il est possible en effet dacheter ? bas prix des tables amish, des coffres ou des poup?es et m?me des tissus et tapisseries amish Remarquons ?galement que les Amish int?ressent aussi le monde du cin?ma : le film Witness dans lequel joue Harrisson Ford a suscit? un int?r?t nouveau autour de cette communaut?. Si les Amish ont choisi lisolement, celui-ci a le d?faut de n?tre imperm?able que dans un seul sens c) Les grands fl?aux actuels atteignent les communaut?s Amish. Nous pourrions affirmer qu? la vue des donn?es statistiques concernant les Amish, il est juste daffirmer que cette communaut? est loin d?tre en voie de disparition. Depuis 10 ans, le nombre de membres est pass? de 20.000 ? 100.000 aux Etats-Unis et au Canada. Cependant cette rapide augmentation nest pas principalement due ? un accroissement naturel rapide, cons?quence de lutilisation plus courante de la m?decine mais ? la progression du nombre des nouveaux adeptes. En r?alit?, ces derniers ont consid?r? cette communaut? comme une secte id?ale, o? chacun partage ses joies et surtout ses peines avec le reste du groupe. Dautre part, les assassinats et les vols se sont multipli?s depuis ces deux derni?res ann?es. Les Amish ont port? une premi?re plainte en 1996 apr?s le sixi?me meurtre survenu cette ann?e-l?. Ainsi, les Amish ont du reconna?tre le syst?me judiciaire am?ricain : ils ne peuvent plus se permettre de refuser le syst?me, ayant besoin de ce dernier. Ainsi les Amish perdent peu ? peu leur isolement et se voient dans lobligation dop?rer de nouveaux choix afin de se red?finir par rapport au reste de la soci?t?, mais aussi par rapport ? leurs propres valeurs.